NDVI
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NIR − Red) / (NIR + Red)
Range: −1 to +1Healthy: 0.4 – 0.8
Measures live green vegetation. High values indicate dense healthy plants; low or negative values indicate bare soil, water, or unhealthy vegetation.
NDWI
Normalized Difference Water Index
(Green − NIR) / (Green + NIR)
Range: −1 to +1Healthy: −0.3 – 0.0 (land)
Highlights water bodies and moisture. Positive values indicate open water; negative values indicate vegetation or dry land.
LST
Land Surface Temperature
Derived from TIR band + ε correction
Range: −50°C to +70°CHealthy: 15°C – 30°C
Satellite-derived thermal emission from Earth's surface. Extreme values indicate heat stress, drought, or unusual thermal anomalies.
EVI
Enhanced Vegetation Index
2.5 × (NIR − Red) / (NIR + 6·Red − 7.5·Blue + 1)
Range: −0.2 to +1.0Healthy: 0.3 – 0.7
Corrects for atmospheric and canopy background distortions. More sensitive than NDVI for dense tropical forests and high biomass areas.